What Constitutes an Ethical Response

The Consciousness Raising Model

The Consciousness Raising Model Abstract Consciousness raising model is a process of creating awareness in a new language, learning it and then using it in conversations. Generally, the first step in consciousness-raising model in relation to English language is creating awareness that the language exists, and then distinguishing it from other languages and lastly, using it to communicate. New language consciousness is important, as it helps in making communication easier.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Consciousness Raising Model specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Even though people master their first language easily, it is also possible for them to master other languages, especially when the best strategies of consciousness-raising are adopted. In most cases, when learning strategies used match with the learners’ needs and preferences, the learning process becomes easier. Nevertheless, consciousness-raising strategies in second lan guage learning are usually based on motivation of learners, aptitude test, learner’s cognitive ability, and the styles used in learning. These strategies have been proved by personality and social psychologists to be among the factors that determine individuals’ cognitive abilities. Introduction Consciousness-raising model is used to promote and develop cognitive ability of a learner in acquisition of a second language. Second language acquisition is the process that allows learners to master a new language, which is usually different from their first language. Teachers play a big role in raising consciousness on new language by allowing them to recognize its form, meaning, and context, and then learning how to use it. For example, a learner may first learn phrasal verbs used in English and then try to distinguish them from other sounds in other languages before they can be able to communicate using the language. Generally, in raising consciousness about a new language , learners’ differences cannot be ignored, hence the need for discussing second language acquisition in relation to the psychology of the learners. Therefore, this paper will discuss consciousness-raising model and strategies, as well as the styles that can be used in promoting second language learning, specifically the English language. It will also discuss the various individual differences that influence consciousness in second language acquisition, including personality traits and mood of the learners (Robinson, 2002).Advertising Looking for term paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Individual Differences and Consciousness Raising in Language Acquisition In order to come up with the best strategies for consciousness-raising process in second language acquisition, it is important to consider individuals’ differences and characteristics, mainly because they give the basis about their l anguage aptitude, learning styles, and motivation, which are very important contributors in the process of learning a second language (DÃ ¶rnyei, 2005). Individuals’ differences and characteristics that have contributed largely towards raising consciousness in second language acquisition include personality, moods, and learning motivation strategies. Therefore, it is important to consider values, interests, learning coping styles and social identity and relationships of the learners (Johnson, 2004). In addition, their cognitive perceptions and psychological aspects of life including health and educational lifestyle should be given priority in the process of raising consciousness in second language acquisition. Besides, individuals’ characteristics such as attitudes, emotions, skills, socio-economic status, and gender should also be given enough emphasis in order to develop better strategies of learning a second language. Evidently, proper analysis of these qualities w ill give more genetic codes about an individual’s cognitive skills, interpersonal abilities, and emotional attachments, which are very important in acquisition of second language (Macaro, 2010) Individual moods and Consciousness Raising in Language Acquisition Individuals’ moods and personality play an important role in the way individuals communicate, as well as in their self-esteem and beliefs. Therefore, a teacher should be sensitive to these moods and personality traits when raising consciousness about a second language in order to prevent instances of anxiety and fear in the learning process (DÃ ¶rnyei, 2005). Again, personality, temperament, and moods go hand in hand in the learning process, hence the need to consider them in the second language acquisition and learning process. Given that a learner is being introduced to new ideas and sounds, it is important to ensure that they are in the best mood to recognize and internalize what is being taught in order for the learning process to be effective.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Consciousness Raising Model specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Due to this important role that personality plays in the learning process, it is important to give it more emphasis in order to enhance effectiveness of second language acquisition and consciousness-raising process. One of the ways of studying personality involves the use of the big five model. This model involves controlling the use of common sense, hence determining an individual’s emotional stability and consciousness, which lead to good results and good performance in the learning process (Saville-Troike, 2005). Personality and Consciousness Raising in Language Acquisition According to social and personality psychologists, an individual’s personality has great effect on the process of his or her linguistic ability and second language acquisition (Ellis, 2003) . Again, personality plays a significant role in speech acquisition, which makes it important for personality aspects and applied linguistics to be largely considered in the process of teaching oral language including speech. Indeed, research shows these two aspects have an important impact on the theoretical aspects and application in raising consciousness in second language study and learning. Besides, it is important to consider language aptitude of the learner, since it has great influence on the cognitive aspect of second language acquisition. It is also important if the individual’s mental ability is considered in teaching some language styles and methodologies, since the reasoning and thinking skills should be well developed for consciousness-raising process to be effective. Nevertheless, psychologists believe that the process of acquiring new knowledge and processing information depends mostly on the mental abilities (Ellis, 2003). Motivation and Intelligence Developm ent According to research, it is clear that second language acquisition depends on an individual’s intelligence quotient. Hence, it is important to improve the intelligence of learners in order to facilitate the acquisition of English as a second language (Ellis, 2003). Modern language aptitude test, which involves testing numbering, phonetic script, and spelling clues, is also very important in the process of learning English as a second language; hence, the test should be used as one of the strategies of raising consciousness in learning second language.Advertising Looking for term paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, factors such as role learning ability, grammatical sensitivity, and phonetic coding ability should be put into consideration in the process of learning English as a second language. For an individual to learn more effectively, it is usually important that auditory ability, verbal intelligence, and inductive language learning ability of the learner be improved to gain more knowledge about the rules governing the use of English language (Ellis, 2003). The use of good motivational strategies has been regarded as some of the means and ways of improving second language acquisition, since it increases learners’ self-confidence, thereby giving them more courage to express themselves using the new language learnt. Motivation also gives learners, the courage to be involved in self-evaluation, hence leading to self-improvement towards learning of the second language (DÃ ¶rnyei, 2005). Styles Used in Raising Consciousness in Language Acquisition Theories such as task motiv ation theory can be used in order to improve awareness in English language acquisition. Parental influence, learner’s beliefs, and giving feedback to learners can also be effective in motivating learners to become more aware about the use of the new language (Lamb Reinders, 2008). Various styles can be used in raising consciousness in language acquisition such as the use of reflective observation as well as the use of divergence and convergence, including both active and concrete styles of learning. These styles will enable individual learners to develop their own thinking abilities and generate concrete ideas. It is also important that learners be allowed to involve in try-outs, which involve guessing meaning of phrases, verbs and other stylistic linguistics used in English language, followed by continuous and consistent practice. Deductive and inductive styles of learning should also be applied in raising consciousness about a new language in order to enhance faster learni ng of the second language (Robinson, and Ellis, 2008). Conclusion From the above discussion, it is clear that learning a second language requires raising consciousness about the new language and then using strategies that match an individual’s needs and preferences in order to produce positive results. Again, it is clear that personality and individual characteristics play a major role in influencing the effectiveness of consciousness-raising process in second language acquisition. In addition, various style of language learning should be considered in raising consciousness on acquisition of the second language, given that learning different languages requires different styles. From the paper, it is also evident that an individual’s moods and capabilities, including the intelligence level, determine the level of consciousness needed in acquisition of a second language. Cognitive ability must be well developed in order to accommodate the various complex rules and method ologies in second language learning. Moreover, since language promotes easier communication and relationships between individuals, it is important to establish the best strategies that will enhance raising consciousness about the new language and allow learners to use it effectively. Therefore, consciousness-raising strategies discussed above should be adopted in order to promote the acquisition of English as a second language. References DÃ ¶rnyei, Z. (2005). The Psychology of the Language Learner: Individual Differences in Second Language Acquisition. New Jersey, USA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. Ellis, R. (2003).Second language acquisition. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. Johnson, M. (2004). Philosophy of Second Language Acquisition. New Haven, CT, USA: Yale University Press. Lamb, T., Reinders, H. (2008). Learner and Teacher Autonomy: Concepts, Realities, and Responses. Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamin’s publishing Company. Macaro, E. (2010). C ontinuum Companion to Second Language Acquisition. London, England: Continuum International Publishing. Robinson, P. (2002). Individual Differences and Instructed Language Learning. Philadelphia, USA: John Benjamin’s. Robinson, P., and Ellis, N. (2008). Handbook of cognitive linguistics and second language acquisition. New York, USA: Routledge. Saville-Troike, M. (2005). Introducing second language acquisition. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Cultural Diversity And Subcultures In The United States Essay

Cultural Diversity And Subcultures In The United States - Essay Example It is interesting to consider the process by which a subculture acclimates to life in the United States. Some may choose to hold fast to as many of their native values and traditions as possible while others may quickly forget who they used to be in exchange for adopting as American customs and value as quickly as possible. Still, others strive for that balance between being proud of their own heritage and accepting that they need to adapt to their new way of life in America. Much research has been conducted on this topic, particularly, in terms of how adolescents acculturate to American culture. Perhaps the two most dominant cultures forming a subculture in the United States would be those from an Asian culture and those of the Hispanic heritage. Since 1965, for example, there has been a steady increase in the number of Korean Americans residing in the country. They are predominately located in California and New York, forming their own subculture in many areas of Los Angeles and New York City, in addition to other pockets around the country as well. Koreans have very strong bonds with their family, and they have a strong sense of Asian values. Research has shown that they largely maintain these customs when living in America. Korean parents often teach their children Korean language, history, morals and general customs. As such, Korean youth is torn between accepting the values and mores of their host culture, while maintaining their strong Asian heritage that their parents are working so hard to protect. An interesting component of this is that South Korean has adopted many western values of their own, such as materialism that has made

Interview an agency administrator Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interview an agency administrator - Essay Example The case record in an agency has several purposes. One of the purposes is to provide information for quality improvement and evaluation of activities. It is also used for purposes of research as it provides a baseline for the research. The case record ensures transparency and accountability of the financial bodies of the agency. The content elements in the case record structure include the problem or diagnose including its cause. Another content element is the interventions which provide the way in which the problem is treated or solved. The outcome is the last content element in the case recording structure. It presents the progress of the case that is, whether it is fairing well or it is worse. Thus the structure is designed in that, the problem appears first followed by the intervention and lastly is the outcomes of the case. There are different purposes of content and structure in case recording. One of the purposes is to provide clear information about the client situation which is the problem. According to Kiser (2007), content and structure provide a clear flow of the assessment that was done on the client. They show the information about the services that are offered to the client hence accountability. They also provide details of case was implemented and also information about the end of the case.

The Government of the Russian Federation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Government of the Russian Federation - Essay Example The transformation in foreign policy thinking profoundly impacted policy making and was based on the realization that the real security threat to Russia came from the deteriorating economy due to excessive military spending. Rather than applying the overt exhibition of military power, Gorbachev chose to apply political influence. He improved diplomatic relations and economic cooperation by such actions as unannounced personal appearances at public events both within and outside Soviet borders. Gorbachev charismatically utilized the world media and made political concessions in the resolution of regional conflicts and arms negotiations that were previously unimaginable under the old regime. The ‘New Thinking’ aided the Soviet Union in garnering wide approval of many nations. Its peace-making policy that released Soviet control over Eastern Europe ultimately led to the collapse of communism and the end of the Cold War. Its success would entail radical changes not only in t he way the economy functions, but in social and cultural policy, in Soviet political life, and ultimately, in the way in which the Soviet Union deals with the larger international community. By-products of the ‘New Thinking,’ perestroika (restructuring) and glasnost (openness) initiated far-reaching governmental policy changes that affected virtually every aspect of Soviet life. These new concepts were a distant departure from previous Soviet practices. This discussion will focus on the building of the Russia Federation, the competing ideologies within the government along with Russia’s new approach to foreign policy and how it was designed to tie in with internal reforms. It will briefly review recent political history leading up to this new way of thinking including how such a radical departure from past procedures and policies was accomplished and the subsequent consequences this reversal of political thought inspired as well as its far-reaching

Validity and Reliability of Selection Interviews

Validity and Reliability of Selection Interviews When Organisations are recruiting to find a suitable individual for a position they currently hold, it can be difficult to monitor and ensure that all possible steps are being taken to ensuring that each interview carries the same validity and reliability. This is to ensure that each individual who is being interviewed is given the same equal opportunity, alongside the organisation employing an individual who suits the job specification best. Validity and reliability of structured interviews can have a large impact on type of person that is employed and also affect the actual security that the person employed is the best suited from all the applicants. Selection interviews traditionally consist of a candidate interacting with one or more people from the organisation who have assessed the candidate as meeting the criteria which the role requires. The interviews generally last between 15 and 60 minutes and help the organisation decide whether or not an individual should be offered a job. In general, interviews follow one of three structures (Unstructured; Semi-Structured and Structured). The three vary by the amount of prior preparation for the interview in regards to questions to be asked and how the answers should be assed. Often the more specific answers required from an interview will be shown by the more structured approach an interviewer will take in preparation of the questions. Reliability of the interview is argued to often be low, in that interviewers do not follow the same methods of questioning or method of evaluating each individual interview. Additionally, it has been noted that interviewers support the end decisions on different criteras, different standards, and alter in the amount the final decision is based upon the original intended criteria (e.g., Graves, L.M. and Karren, R.J., 1996. The employmentselection interview: A fresh look at an old problem. Human Resource Management 35, pp. 163-180. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (14)Timothy A. Judge, 2000: 384]). It has also been found that job performance is a lot more reliable and foretelling from structured interviews opposed to unstructured interviews. Research reviews of employment interviewing have concluded that carrying out an interview following a set structure can add to the reliability and validity of interviewer evaluations (e.g., Therese Macan, 1999: 2 09). Natural instinct to cast a first impression on a person is a major factor in trying to ensure an interviewer casts an unbiased decision which follows the original selection criteria. During interviewing it is vital that each applicant is each given a fair and open opportunity and the end decision on whether or not they are offered the place within the organisation is based entirely on how they performed against the role criteria. Ensuring that Gender, Race, Disability and appearance do not hold any restrictions on each individual interview. A study was carried out which looked into how interviewers can cast a bias opinion based on appearance, finding that applicants which were moderately obese (in particular female applicants) were less likely to be considered for employment despite meeting the required criteria of a role including required qualifications (Timothy A. Judge, 2000: 384). Further from this negative information often appears to become more memorable for an interviewer than positive information. Research has outlined that it often requires upto twice as much positive information to change any negative information the interviewer may have initially cast of an individual. . As a result, the unstructured interview has been labelled a â€Å"search for negative evidence (Timothy A. Judge, 2000: 384). This simply highlights the importance of an interview to have the ability to focus on information passed during an interview to ensure that each applicant is assessed following the same criteria to avoid natural instinct having a major impact on each applicants interview. With interviews being generally an unnatural environment applicants generally spend time preparing for the interview, looking into the company history, preparing answers for generic answers that are usually asked for job roles of that criteria. This would inevitably lead to the answers given being unrealistic responses of how an applicant may act in a role within an organisation. This simply highlights the importance of interview containing questions which are going to show a realistic response to show an applicants approach and ethos towards their working life. During the interview this can be achieved by adding unstructured questions which will allow the interviewer to add and expand on answers given to try and get a more realistic and honest response which will further add to the value of the responses given from a candidate. This can also work well within a structured interview situation, as having an opening for several unprepared questions, can give a candidate further chance t o show their true capabilities. Taking into account unavoidable effects (e.g. Anxiety, signs of being Nervous and body language) of environments like Interviews, consideration needs to be taken by the interviewer to account for these. Often anxiety levels can be raised for an applicant during interviews which can an effect on the responses and conduct during the interview which may result in the applicant not showing their full capabilities. A selection of Undergraduates took part in a mock interview model with peers, which shows sustained levels of raised anxiety before and during the interview, followed by a significant decrease directly after. (Therese Macan, 1999: 209). During an interview it has to be taken into consideration that responses given can sometime be not a true reflection of a candidates natural response in any other situation, so allowing time and a chance to develop an answer is crucial to maintaining a high level of validity from the responses given. All of the elements within this essay which highlight possible affects on an interview fall part of what can be seen as a ‘halo effect. With judgements and stereotyping being cast too easily without looking at each interviewee directly on how well they are suited to the role criteria of which their hiring for. Training for any interviewer is crucial, as they need to learn the ways in which they might cast these judgements subconsciously; avoiding these spontaneous biases is one of the most crucial parts of carrying out interviews to ensure that the most suited candidate is chosen. By following more structured interviews situations like the halo effect can be more easily avoided. By offering each candidate the same set of questions and time for their interview then they each will have as open an opportunity as possible to give their best response. In more recent years, human response management specialists have become more involved within the interviewing process as they have to ensure all interviews are following the orangisations equal opportunities policy. Following these latest changes it has opened more opportunities for minority groups which previous may have been of more of a disadvantage to have a fair and equal opportunity when applying for any role, and how they are assess during the selection interview stage. Overall trying to maintain a high level of validity and reliability within an unnatural environment can be difficult and hard to maintain. It is crucial within any interview environment to try and place measures which can both account for these abnormalities and a way to take them into account. If they are not fully considered then an organisation may end up employing an individual for a role which they are not the best suited from all the candidates. One of the most important factors to avoid is an interviewers personal opinion on a candidate as shown from the research in this essay; they often can cast subliminal opinions on candidates because of personal opinion, anxiety and from misinterpreting responses during an interview. The employment of any individual for an organisiation is timely and costly exercise, ensuring all steps are taken to make the right decision on choosing a candidate is important. Make the wrong choice due to errors during the selection interview stage and a n egative impact may be felt by the organisiation afterwards.

Deontological Ethics Essay -- essays research papers fc

Deontological Theory of Ethics Introduction When ethics is explored, and an inquiry into its origin and sources are explored to find definition and clarity around ethics, one initial discovery will be that two main views on ethical behavior emerge. One of those theories is the deontological theory of ethics. Ethics and ethical decisions surround themselves around what is the goodness or badness of any particular choice or decision. When exploring ethics, it is necessary to explore what are the different thoughts surrounding what framework is used to weigh this goodness and badness. Deontological Theory explores this very point. Defining Deontological Theory Deontological theories of ethics are almost synonymous with Kantianism, after a philosopher, Immanual Kant. Although it must be noted that his views are simply one view of deontological theory, which will be explored later in this paper, it is important to note his powerful influences here. Deontologists base their evaluation of actions in and of themselves. In other words, deontologists view actions without regard to consequences or potential outcomes of any given choice or action. Ethical decisions are made simply by viewing the intrinsic goodness or badness of the act itself. In a simple example, if lying were deemed an intrinsically unethical act, deontologist would hold that lying would never be ethical, regardless of the potential outcome of telling a lie. (Cline n.d.) When viewing deontological thought, one of the first questions that will appear is what framework or system is used to judge the inherent features within actions that determine whether or not they are right. There are many different thoughts behind this question, but for the purpose of an initial definition of the concept, the influences that guide deontological thought come from various sources, such as "religion, biology, psychology, metaphysics, culture, language, etc. Considering the source of the foundation for the deontological thought an act's duty may be absolute (without exception), overridden by a more important duty, or only hold under certain circumstances. The following sections will explore the different types of thought and theories that drive the foundation of deontological thought. The first explored will be the most ... ...horoughly understand. It is a multilayered and multifaceted conceptual study that can controversial for some because of all the overlapping influences on the essence of ethics. It is challenging for ethics to be examined without influences such as religion, politics, culture, race or other highly volatile topics also being raised. It even becomes more challenging to decipher what viewpoint is right about the topic of making moral choices, or the choice that is right. Who is right about what is right? It can baffle the mind and find you thinking and speaking in circles. The deontological viewpoint of ethics is a theory that has tried to place definition on a theory that is indefinable. Although the criticisms are heavy and forthright in regards to deontological ethics, their foundation is truly essential in the discovery and exploration of ethics. Works Cited Action, H.B. Kant’s Moral Philosophy. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1970. Cline, A., (n.d.). Deontologica Ethics. Retrieved March 18, 2005, from http://atheism.about.com. Frankena, W.K., Ethics, (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1973). Warner, D.W., The Basis for Ethical Conduct, (Amberton University, 2002).